These sound changes belong to kibylVi~. http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Kib%C3%BCl%CA%8Ci%E1%B9%85 General organisational principle: the order these sound changes are lifted gives the correct ordering, but it might not be strictly chronological. In particular I like to write A > B / conditions B > C to denote that B was an intermediate outcome which became C by the next time the distinction mattered; I don't mean them to necessarily be immediately successive. In A > B / C styie changes, unbracketed symbols are phones and bracketed are features. In particular V is the wedge vowel while [V] is a cover symbol for vowels. I'll use 'laryngeal' as a cover term for PPen /C x h/. Long [a:] sticks around and behaves as [aa]. Reconstructed long [i:] and [u:] might do likewise, but not next to vowels at any rate (though they do behave differently next to [a], see below). [stop][laryngeal] > [aspirated stop] [laryngeal] > 0 / [fricative] _ Where a nasal and a liquid could equally well be syllabic given the phonotactic restrictions, the nasal is. m=, n=, N= > u~, i~, a~ m, n, N > u~, i~, a~ / [obstruent or liquid] _ [V] Subsequent vowel changes happen indifferently to nasalised and unnasalised vowels, unless otherwise specified. A persistent rule that comes with the introduction of nasals: nasality on vowels spreads throughout maximal domains of vowels and laryngeals. [unaspirated obstruent] > [voiced] / internucleically [laryngeal] > [voiced] i.e. j\ G h\ (everywhere) ia, ua > E, O / so long as the [i u] aren't reconstructed as long in PPen. i, u > e, o / _ G, _ r e, o > E, O u > u\ / _ [coronals] (incl. [j\] and [i j u\], but not [r]) u\ > y yi > yy iu > ii / in some high-yield items a > E / _ [coronals] (as before) a > A / _ [velars], _ r a > V r= > Er / _ [coronals] (as before) r= > Ar l= > Al / _ [velars], _ r l= > El [nasal] > [alpha place] / _ [obstruent, alpha place]. This makes a couple /J/ from nasals before /j\/. J > n [laryngeal] > 0 / except intervocalically before nonhigh V, or initially j\, h\ > j, 0 f > h [stop]h > [aspirated stop] h > 0 / non-initially [stop][obstruent alpha] > [obstruent alpha, tense]. I denote tenseness by *; the resulting consonants are p* t* k* ts)*, the last from stop+[s]. Phonetically it's faucalised ~ stiff voice, like Korean. b, d, g, v, z > B, j, G, B, r\. This introduces new [j G] which don't have nasal spreading; the laryngeal part of the persistent nasality rule falters. r\ > r sr > tr sl, tl > kl nl > Nl [liquid] > 0 / _ ([V]) [liquid], and even _ [V][C][liquid] in several cases [high V] > [glide] / [V] _ [V] 0 > [glide, alpha place] / [high V, alpha place] _ [nonhigh V] V > [V alpha] / adjacent to nonhigh V alpha (i.e. wedge > a copy of the adjacent vowel) [low V] > [low V alpha] / _ [low V alpha] Groups low vowel + high vowel survive, as diphthongs; whether their second element is phonemically a vowel or a glide is probably academic. [tense C] > [nontense] / after a tense C anywhere earlier in the word. Any marginal [ts)] this creates fall back into [s]. Consonants become glottalised in absolute word-final position: p t s k > ? / _ # m n N > N? alternating with ~? / _# (phonemically distinct from the other nasalisation, though) l r > l? r? / _ # (short nonnasal) V > V_x / _ #. After voiced Cs this /V_x/ tends not to be realised as any sort of vowel at all, but as a prolongation of the C. After voiceless Cs it may devoice. (short undiphthongised) i y u > @ @_c @_c / in unstressed closed syllables, whichever those are (note that V_x still exists). [@] [@_c] are phonemicised as /E ~ V/ and /O/ -- for the first /E/ is usual, but /V/ is found in a few prominent instances. Resulting phonemic inventory: m n N p* t* ts)* k* p t k (?) p_h t_h k_h s h B G l r j (H)(w) though a sufficiently inspired analysis could take [h] and [B] allophonic. i y u E V O A + nasal variants of all vowels + long variants of all vowels, which this diachrony mostly treats as sequences + lots of closing diphthongs.