== Verbs and derivations, and other nouns == -pi (empty root), exist, be at, go, come (abs) (see grammar) (no perfect marker) i-pi (this sense perfect only, with _sa_) have gone away, and thus no longer be here num-pi (with a directional) walk (can lose its _m_) (2!) aa-pi (perfect with _phal_) (_gi_) be full of (abs) (but this poorly renders imperfect 'fill') urida day (formerly 'dawn') insidua way, path, route, course (as a _du_ noun, can't take internal possessives) tansia fellow man (genderless), companion, colleague pa-ul lick paumaa tongue pat-luu assemble, fix in place (cp2 < 'fast, firm') pasri-luu decide (esp. to do something), make plans for pak-us be powerful, be forceful (nom) kharapak-us be overcome by emotion (tr, exp in abs) paa-as (perf) be whole (abs) (comparing _pul-as_, this exhibits a different fused directional) pi-nah drag, draw, pull pi-is hurry (abs), make to hurry (tr) (principally of things with volition; isn't quite an equivalent of 'be fast') piki-il shine in dazzling colour (c1 imitative) piuk-an make larger, (abs) grow, (abs perf) be big, (of time) long piugi-an be important, be topical (nom), find or treat as important, take as subject or topic, pertain to, concern, be about (abs>nom) hwipiuga lake (not 'sea') pu-ih pop, burst, rupture suddenly (abs; tr) kharapui-ih be surprised (abs), surprise (tr) punsi-ih (used metaphorically for) far outstrip or surpass, be much greater than (nom + _gi_) pu(gi)-u be true or real (nom), believe (in), find true or real (tr) puwdi-u be a (logical) consequence of, follow from (nom and prep arg), find so, deduce, infer (tr and prep arg) puwdiwu consequently (adv) (reinterpreted from a finite form) puhi(ri)-u succeed, (make) work (out) (tr); be right, correct, successful, find so pu(l|wi)-as come together (abs), unite (tr); (perf) be together (broader _l ~ w_ alternation) tapul-as marry = get married to (abs); marry = declare married (tr) (these _ta_ forms are also frequent with _thi_ or _hui_) tapula married person tapulta spouse (of someone particular) (internal poss) pha-ar bite phaaa tooth phau-sim pierce (tr), be pierced (abs perf) (cp2 < 'length'?) phaunda-sim rotate on an axis (abs); turn on an axis (tr) uphaunda-sim roast on a spit phin-atha raise (a child) phin-am give birth to (a child); (perfects) have a child (_i_ with force of _bi_ 'bear ...'; _hir_ 'have ...' most statively) phinduih birthplace phian-tu be 120 (abs) phu-ii have an itch (abs) (directionals and body-part prefixes frequent) phu-ki scratch an itch (nom) (general 'suffer X'/'relieve of X' pairs should exist) phu(l|wi)-pul sweat (abs), cause to sweat (tr) phulumu sweat phulsa(bi)-pul exert oneself (nom), strain, (iterative) work out, exercise (often takes a relevant body part preverb) phuri-aa push off suddenly from (not found without preverbs) (cp1 contains dir. _ri_ and has orig. sense 'jump', cp2. <> prev. _aa_) nuburi-aa jump phuri-u (aspectual-type root for sudden changes) (cp2 behaves the same as in _b-u_) b-u (aspectual root) (allomorphs before cp2 as if it started with a consonant; cp2 is _hu_ in the perfect) (requires a directional; see grammar) bas-innu be last, be final (abs) ubiah morning (< 'beginning sun') ba-pi be the ambient conditions, especially of weather (_irua barpi_ 'it's sunny') bandar {counted pl. _bandadis_, uncounted _bandau_} year [add 'season'!] bar {_badis_, _bau_} (in place of _bandar_ only in fixed constructions where the _nd_ appears elsewhere, as in giving ages) (see chat-2) badalda point in time ba-ju emit, exude, leak, expel some substance ubariu smoke ba(l|da)-uh harm, hurt, injure baltau wound (n) buth-il shine moonlight (clearly < noun, given the cp1-final C) butha moon (properish) tjit-is be small, (of time) short (nom), find small (expressive?) tjuhui-pa ask (nom; goal with _gi_) taga-na hack, cut, chip, deliver a blow (of whatever force) intended not to split but merely to dislodge a little material (cp2 < 'piece'?) tatagaum-na carve, scuplt tagauman carving, sculpture: occas. _madatagauman_ 'carving', _putagauman_ 'sculpture' if the distinction matters tatagauman statue (of a person) tan-ul (plain verb infrequent without directional); (perfect) have found tandal-ul search for, seek tansu-ul look for under something (and this sense productive with other directionals), look in one place (generally); check, test, try out tara-ka be distributed as cloud(s), have cloud(s) in it (abs), form such (in) (in this last sense wants a directional) (cp1 basally means 'lump(s)' and comes with other cp2s) naitaraah cloud, as of dust tai-lu glide, fly (nom) hwitai-lu swim tau-un be hard or firm, find so aataua stone, rock taui-un be fortified (abs), fortify (cd) (preverbs common) madatauia city, fortitied town (former sense '(city) wall' obsolete) ti-a mature, ripen (abs), let sit tihidi grain, (the culturally prevalent grain) utinnidua summer [form other seasons parallelly] ti-us throw (directionals very common, preverbs common) tuhi(ri)-i dream (exp abs) (fused directional? base unclear) tumu-ju nom covers _gi_ with abs (includes a directional; the _tu_ element is akin to the one in _turi-mu_) tumuaj roof turi-mu build (a large structure, as a house) (includes a fused directional) turida brick (_d_ nmlsr) tuam house {pl. _tuamis_, but internal possessive} (a nominalization from a lost verb _tu(C)-mu_) phintuam house of one's family (conculturally relevant?) thja-kan have wiggles or waves or ridges (that, if they move, do so perpendicular to their length) (abs), form such in (usually wants a directional) withjaumah water wave (also mass _withjaumuh_ common) aathjaumah sand dune (also mass _aathjaumuh_ common) wiathjaumuh wrinkles or waves in fabric (nearly always mass as here) thju(di)-ram smell of cooked meat, find so thju(di)-u bake, roast thjuaa bread thjuthaa baker (of breads) tha-kul fade, evaporate, vanish (variable alignment. can take the 'seem so' pattern, => nom; tr can be used sarcastically as 'send away by force or threats thereof', => abs) tha-nu tie, bind, restrain thaaa-nu tie up in knots (leaving a tangled mess) wiathaan net thap-il be agreeable, be delightful (nom), bring cheer / contentment / delight / happiness to thabinsi-il comperse about ('with' _gi_) (can be used as Eng "congratulate", see the engagement-congratulations text) thak-uh scratch (as with claws) thal-iri anger, be angry about (exp in abs) (1cp <> 'heat'; seemingly from 'heat one's X' for some internal organ X) thal-u be hot (nom), find hot (exp in abs) (_u_ <> prefix 'fire') thaw red thaw-il be red, find so thjassi yellow, green (from a diminutive) thjassi-il be grellow, find so thau-a be five thi-i see (exp abs): _thi-i phurii-u_ discover, come upon, find by chance (here directional on _thi-i_ frequent) thidal-i look around thii-i look (in a single direction, with focus) (exp abs) thiuk-i find out, learn (not through formal teaching), (usually particleless perfect) know thiaa-i (come to) understand, realise, (perfect) understand thium-i form a mistaken understanding of thisa woman {pl. _thisi_} thiu-ka be, go as a swarm (nom) thiuida locust thiuwis people (collective) (often takes a possessive) (presumably has generated a verbal sense, but I can't think of one) thu-niba be safe (abs); protect, keep safe siwthuaaawniw chest (of a particular kind, generally long, ornate, heavy) (nmlsd w/ 3p inan abs) dja(ri)-niba hide, conceal (tr) (2cp once meaning 'ditch') dja(s|phi)-niba hide oneself djaum-niba mislay, lose (_um_ with unintentional force) tudjasuuda mouse dju-ihi be oily or greasy (nom), find so (tr) djuhi(ri)-ihi smear with oil (cd) da-am show, exhibit, offer, display, ~put (maybe used in periphrasis or otherwise for causatives, esp. of perception verbs) dauitah face (internal poss) dadal-am set out in a (large) display dagu-am offer; (especially) offer for trade, (offer to) sell or pay with; (iterative) sell (generally, as 'the shop sells cheese') daguah money daguthah shopkeeper, merchant, seller siwdaguah goods siwdaulma market (originally a regular gathering, but probably also of a fixed place) (the _m_ is 1pl) da(s|phi)-am encounter, come upon (exp abs), (iterative) encounter lots, grow familiar with, (perfect iterative) be familiar with tada-am introduce (abs to _gi_), (abs) meet, (perfect abs) know (a person) daaa-am be the same (of a collective abs) daum-am be similar but different (of a collective abs) da-pa claim, argue (that) (cp1 = that of _da-(am)_) dahi(ri)-pa advance as justification etc. ('for' _gi_) dahitas justification, reason, rationale, (in embedded Qs) ~why (internal possessive) dan-as be one (abs) (extended senses are of separation and singulativity, not union (for which _pul-as_)) tadan-as be single, be unmarried (noun?) dani-as become separated (abs), separate (tr); (perf) be apart tadani-as (_thuwa_ perf) be widowed; (_i_ perf) be divorced (not generally used outside the perfect, because little distinct from _tadan-as_) (noun?) dim-na catch (fish) diman fish dimthan fisherman du-ul linger, wait (in a place) (nom) (often with dir _aa_ or _um_) kja-ram be sweet (nom), find sweet (tr, exp in abs) kjaumur honey (_um_ 'on a whole surface' here because of the stickiness) tukjau(l|wi)-ram tend a beehive (cd) tukjaula beehive tukjai-ram retrieve honey from a beehive (cd) tukjaaada bee kwui black kwui-il be black, find so kat-ur call the name of, invoke, ~mention kassa(bi)-ur summon kassaa name (internal possessive) kan-jah hit, beat, strike, pound hwiakans(a)(bi)-jan tan (a hide) hwiakansaj hide; skin (in general) kara-ta claim (a thing as one's own) phinkarama hereditary possession; (loosely) right (the _m_ is 1pl) ku(bi)-is live, be alive (abs) (cp2 < _sip_ '(a) heartbeat') kukaridiu-(gam) crow (of a cock) (also as ideophone) kukarii cock, rooster (exceptionally truncated) kun-ul carry, bear, support (usually with directional) kunri-ul lift up kunsa-ul ---: _ak-X-tih kunsa-Y-d-ul_ Y wakes X (for intransitive 'X wakes naturally', instead the empty root, _ak-X-tih sarpi_) kuni-ul carry (off, or generally) hamkunii donkey kunsa(bi)-ul carry (hither) kunru-ul support (as off the ground) madakunruaa table kui-is (rare without directionals) bend, flex (at a point) (abs, tr) takuia (oldest sense) shoulder; arm; limb (of a tree) (internal poss) hwiakuia (parallel range of meanings to _takuia_, incl.) sleeve kui-sim bend, curve, arch (along its length) (abs, tr) sabakuiri-sim smile (nom) khju-is grow (of plants) (abs); (archaic tr) tend crops khjudaldi grass khjup-a be ten khwat-ta take half of khwassuu-ta split in half (getting rid of the 'take' semantics) khwat-a be sixty khwi-is be nimble, dextrous karakhwi-is be clever, quick of mind khas-il shine light (nom either agent or light source, the latter because it takes the 'find so' construction) kahhi-il shine light onto, illuminate khasinni-il shine light through; (abs iterative) be transparent khasa light source kaakhasa torch, portable light source ukhasa fire used as a light source khanda eye {pl. _khanni_} (pl. from a fossilized dual formation) khai-ju leave as residue (tr) (< 'ash') ukhaisuu ash takhaisuu human remains (as a mass) takhaii-ju leave an inheritance or a legacy (a _phinkarama_) khisuu-na divide, share out (tr) (fused directional) khisuua part, share khiri-ta pinch wikhirida crab (singulative) (w/ _h_ dissimil in prefix) khu-ta take, acquire, get; (particleless perfect) have; (used serially) using, with, by means of khu(l|di)-ku sit down (uncommon without middle dir) khul(s|phi)-ku sit down (nom), (perf) be seated (no causative, except maybe in the sense of 'force down'; use _da-am_) pukhulah seat khu(l|di)-ul stay, (especially) stay overnight, reside at (contrasts with _du-ul_ roughly as 'stay routinely' vs. '... exceptionally' or '... overlong') khuka-ih crash violently (abs), make to (tr) (recent imitative?) : _luathiul khukadalwih_ 'he is troubled', lit. 'his thoughts crash about' wikhukau storm khui-gam sing (cp1 <> cp2, both having been *[kam]) gwa(hi)-i frighten (nom>abs), fear (abs>nom), (nom) be scary, (abs) be scared gwat-wa strike (a body part) so that it swells, (abs perf) be swollen (cp1 <> cp2?) gam-a be four aaga(s|phi)-a get down on all fours aagamum-a crawl on all fours aagari-a pronk, jump lifting all four feet: _aagariwia insiasuui_ fallow deer gat-uh hunt (rarely used unadorned, except iteratively for habitual) (cp2 < ~_huk_ 'meat'? folk-associated with the cp2 of 'injure'.) gardal-uh go out on the hunt for gadi-uh go to retrieve fallen prey gadii {pl. _gaditu_} dog gassa-uh hunt with traps ljagassa snare gi-an push sja-ar eat (must have lots of derivatives!) sjahi(ri)-ar feed sju(bi)-u burn (abs) (basic tr use is rare) (cp2 <> prefix 'fire') sjui-u burn by (volitional) application of a fire sjuul-u build a fire sjuru-u fuel (of a fire) (tr) tusju-u be a house fire sa-ju let go (_ju_ < 'free') tasa-ju set free (a person); (abs perfect) be free sanniaj door sa(s|phi)-ju open up, let inside khara~-ju clarify, simplify, make straightforward or readily understood (with the metaphor of _thi-i_) sabasasaj (the most common endonym for this language: 'clarificatory mouth-thing') (with _saba-_ replacing _khara-_) sa-aah loosen (tr), get loose (abs) (extended?) tasa-aah go easy on, allow mercy to; (perf) forgive sak-tah invade luisajdaldi tare, vetch sai-hu do (nom) ('to' _gi_; synchronically contains the directional _i_) (no uses in periphrastic grammatical constructions known) (cp2 identical to that of _b-u_, less degraded) sasai-hu have a habit of doing sip-is beat (of the heart) (abs) sisri-is cause the heart to race (tr); be racing, of the heart (perf abs) thuusiba heart sit-pa say, (nom) talk, speak sidum-pa narrate, tell (a story, or any matter as if from one) sidumas story sidumthas storyteller sidi-pa talk to sik-ih crack (tr), develop a crack or (abstractly) a flaw (abs), (perf) be cracked, flawed sin-a be three siw-il be precious, dear, cherished (nom), be so to, cherish, love dearly (tr) (this is the usual 'find so' pattern) tasiw-il (ditto, of humans) siwul-il fashion precious objects siwi-il be beautiful, find beautiful siwhi(ri)-il decorate (generally); restore from decrepitude tasiwhi(ri)-il apply cosmetics sia-aa reach (nom, volitional); reach for (tr); stretch out, extend to (abs) siarua tree (deciduous only?) insiasuua antler insiasuui deer siahi-aa reach its end siahidu end (of a thing which extends): _siahidu ba_ at last, in the end siai-aa happen to the extent that (takes a nom plain clausal argument and a _gi_-marked one) (probably best considered fused, since it can take another directional) siaidua extent, degree (to which X is true or happens) (takes a plain clausal argument), ~how (see example sentence in grammar) siaiuk-aa happen to the greatest extent, be the most siaium-aa happen to the least extent, be the least su-tam be terrible, despicable, repugnant (nom), find so, hate (as if <> _suak-us_, the latter having an extension) su-ki put on (clothes), (perf) wear su-luh grind, (perf abs) be ground, be fine hwisunsial strand, beach, pebbly or sandy shore suhu-un be quiet, calm, in order (nom); find so, be put at ease by (tr) suhuum-un make calm (cd) phinsuhuum-un quiet an infant (cd) tasuhu-un accept the situation, not rock the boat tasuhudau-un suppress, prevent from expressing dissent (cd) sulu hand {pl. _suwis_} suak-us act badly (nom), do so towards (tr) (fairly rare without directionals) suagi-us do mischief, play tricks on suagaa-us act evilly, commit an act of evil against, (with volitive) have it in for suu-ta grab, grasp onto (generic); latch onto (as with suckers or barbs); greedily take, (perfect) retain kaasuu-ta grab or grasp by hand; (perfect) hold in hand hjuus (ideophone) slurping (often duplicated) hwa-ar drink [this first component should occur in some other watery predicates] hwas-iuh grunt, squeal hwasi pig hwusu-as sweep (the floor (takes _gi_)) (nom) hwusui-as sweep away (tr) ha-ta press against one's body, hold close (rare without directionals) taha-ta hug, embrace, cuddle haum-ta brood, sit on (bird nom, eggs abs) haumaa bird thihaumaa hen (especially when broody) haumtaa egg (typically used in the plural: _haumtia_ nestful of eggs) (what's 'egg' generally?) haumduaa nest ha-ju (never without directional) hadal-ju wrap, veil, cover or obscure with a veil or screen etc. juduhadal-ju speak sotto voce, in a low voice haga-ram be bland in taste (nom), find bland in taste (tr, exp in abs) haga-un flatten, (abs perf) be flat aahagansia road: _aahagansis tuam_ villa, ~manor house (orig. had _gia_ and perf and was compositional, 'house up to which there's a road') hajdal-un make smooth, (abs perf) be smooth (= 'flat' w/ fused directional, of course) haam man = male person {pl. _huis_} (length to satisfy minimal word constraint. I imagine this reflects a very very old development of intervocalic */m/) (a sex-unmarked noun is uncommonly used compared to this and _thisi_) hiir-ur shriek, cry thus (nom) (imitative) huala apple (will be Wandery. I imagine a *[xamala], which yes is quite European) huu-ih tear, rip, rend huuii {pl. _huuitu_} wolf: _hjuuiisi_ (or _thaw h._) fox manda-nah spin on a potter's wheel (cp1 ultimately < _mada(-)nda_ 'spin a big solid flat', cp2 < obsolete 'pot') namandaan (ceramic) pot mandaan potter's wheel mandathan potter miu-i want, (esp.) want and work towards, strive for (tr, wanter in abs) (for plain 'want' the volitive is better if it works) miuaa-i be eager for, desirous of, ~interested to (but less especially working towards) (still nom): _thiuk-i miuaa-i_ be curious miuri-i (with iterative) be wilful, be obstinate, do what one wants, be hard to control mi-pa (not found without directionals) set a course, (perf) have a course / destination / goal / end in mind migu-pa change course; turn (esp. suddenly) tumigudua corner (of a house, etc.) (and so with other preverbs) mjaa-iuh meow (of a cat) (cp2 after 'grunt') mjaai cat {-win} mjiru young girl, young child {pl. _mjiris_} mjin-innu be a young girl/child (certainly not an underived verb, as an _innu_ copular formation) nju-paa be unwell or sick (abs), be so because of (tr) njuhi-paa make unwell (volitionally), (especially) poison (tr) (the germ theory is presumably not developed) njuhiaba poison njuithaba poisoner kharanju-paa be mad or insane (abs), be so because of (tr) (but also of course 'be diseased in the eye') kharanjuhi-paa drive mad (volitionally) nju-ram be nauseating, disgusting, find so na-tia be like, be similar, resemble (noms conjoined with 'and': see relay 18), find like naga-pa declare, say officially or ritually or solemnly nagaaa-pa give (a promise) to (goal with _gi_) nan-ja soften, (perf abs) be soft (certainly has extended senses) nandau-ja spongen, be spongy innandaua mushroom (prototypically with a cap) nari white nari-il be white, find so ni-ui be two nup-lu run (nom); chase on foot (tr) (< _num-pi-lu_ 'move (nom) quickly on foot'; _pi_ has only survived in _pi-is_) labi-a be six lagi-is fold (tr) (most frequent with directionals) [elaborate this! probably parallel to _iakhi-is_] lau-a be twenty lia-ur shout (nom intr; use a serialish construction to supply words) liai-ur call to (takes an arg with _gi_) lia-iuh make a racket or clamor or din (abs intr) lida-a be seven lihi-kan slither, move as a snake lihii snake lu-ku lie, be recumbent (abs) lusu-ku lie down, recline (nom) lunsi-ku have sex (collective nom, or one NP with _gi_) (neutral or slightly formal~evasive register) luthu-iuh hoot (of an owl) (cp2 after 'grunt') luthui owl {-win} lua-ih break (tr), break (abs) (directionals common, preverbs not expecially) lua-ul think (abs) (in 'think that X', X is nom) (no cognacy with 'break') luadal-ul think about, ponder (j,i)-am put, place, set (requires a directional; root is _j_ before V, _i_ before C), (with _uk_) leave (behind) numi-am step, tread, put one's foot (directionals like _su_ frequent) (ja|thulu)-pi kill, die (neutral connotations) ~dau-pi kill, die (more dismissive, less empathetic) ja-tu be many (abs): _ja- khadu_ be few jam-wi be salty (of water) (nom), find so (abs) jambu sea (a pretty clear case of the noun preceding the verb) juda-ka hear judai-ka listen (to a single stimulus, with focus) (exp abs) wudi(di)-as follow (and extended meanings) ljawudias tail wudinsiuwas sequence of steps, rite, method, procedure (verbal, lit. "they.I follow them(selves) in a line") ak-tih sleep (abs) (not inceptive; don't use perf) au-il be favourable, pleasing, pleasant, good (nom), find so, be fond of (some constructions that might want 'allow' in fact use this) ikha-jaa snow (a verbal base, abs, but hard to so gloss. not used alone) (cp2 <> preverb _hjaa_?) ikhasurjaa snow falls ikhasuu falling snow (mass) ikhaumdajaa snow lies ikhaumu lying snow (mass) ibip-il flicker (cp1 is a historic reduplication) igwis-il sparkle like glass (< noun) igwis a piece or worked item of glass (count) (borrowed) iri-a be eight (< _i-ni_, _i_ akin to the directional, i.e. 'two away') iru-il shine sunlight (< noun) irua sun (properish) iakhi-is (not found without directionals) have or come to a point iakhinda-is rotate around an endpoint, as a top does (abs); turn around an endpoint (tr) aaiakhinda north (no explicit nominalizer for length) (I forget why this is formed thus.) iakhisu-is stand on a point (abs); (iterative) be (unsteadily) balanced (extended to non-pointly cases); (_dau_ perfect) have fallen over numiakhisu-is stand on one foot iakhi-ram be sour or bitter (nom), find sour or bitter (tr, exp in abs) iih-a be nine (< _i-ih_, _i_ akin to the directional, suggesting some old word for 'one'; cf. _iri-a_) u-ram have the sulphenic smell or taste characteristic of onions, find so (cp1 <> pfx 'fire') udaram onion (generic) judarassi garlic thjiudaram round onion khiudaram scallion, green onion == Other words, and some morphological bits == puanaa this fact, this situation (= _pua_ nmlsd from _pu-u_ + _naa_ stem of 'this') phjaa thus, in this manner phan {long form _phawan_} you, thou (2s pronoun) phuru you all (2p pronoun) ba (nominal) at (a time); (verbal) when, (with irrealis) if, in case of baa now (_b_ from the prep + deictic element _aa_) talas every, all (<> directional _dal_) taladih any = a choice of (< 'every' + the obsolete _ih_ 'one') thiu (irrealis particle for unfavourable events) danu only din (nominal) for (benefactive); (verbal) because, (with volitive) in order to. 'therefore, consequently' casually can use the pattern 'because X, (we) know Y' kuagi really, indeed ('in life', rather transparently) khal (irrealis particle for favourable events) khas no, not one gi (empty preposition for directionals); in, at, (general locative) saa who, what suwas some of (<> directional _suu_) hwaa here hwusuu quickly, suddenly, all of a sudden (<> 'sweep', and still by connotation) mia (volitive(?) particle = 'want to') muru we (1p pronoun) nabas (an) other: _nabas_ + the serialised empty root, treated as an adverb, can render 'too, also', lit. 'being another one' naa this (pron) (rare?) naadin (and) so, because of this (fused _naa_ + _din_) liwdau again, (especially) again hence (seems to contain _da_ 'around' + 3inan _u_) wus next, and then, subsequently (<> 'follow') (can stack _us wus_) anaa this (det) im and (joining two things considered parallel) in {long form _ijan_} I (1s pronoun) indarba however, (emphatic) but (_inda-r-pi_ 'it is turned around' + _ba_) us but, and (joining two things whose constrast is more important than their parallelism) == Preverbs == pu solid object of (especially regular) shape roughly equal in all dimensions, larger than ~two fists phaa tooth (of recent origin, from _phaaa_) phin parents, ancestors; baby, child phu animal (incl. birds, fish) ta person, people (vague) tu (inside a) house tua solid substance or mass of no definite shape thji hard object small enough to hold in the palm thi woman thuu internal organs kaa hand khara eye; mental faculties, emotional responses (if disambig is necessary, use a noun like _khanda_) (some innovative dialects have clipped the extended sense to _khar_ and leave the disyllable to 'eye') khi long thin stiff object saba mouth siw valuable object hjaa outside, (in) the open air hwi water hwia flat extended flexible object, clothes, wrapping, layer ham back, posterior, tail hui man = male mada flat extended stiff object na container (<> obsolete 'pot') nai particulate matter, or that which doesn't hold its shape; dust, fluff, foam, hair num foot (can lose its _m_) lja long thin flexible object lui food judu ear; sound, smell, taste, non-physical percept aa (on) the ground in head u fire, sun, (effects of) heat == Directionals == bi back, facing backwards (d/s) dal all over, all around, about (d/s) dau off (away from the surface); lying on its side, pushed over (d/s) gu towards without contacting. (occasionally) out to the side s(a)(bi) in, towards oneself (dyn) (the _pi_ is an absolutive augment, with _spi_ realizing as _phi_) su down (dyn) suk in front of, on this side of (stat) (= s(a)+uk) suu out (in many directions), apart; (idiomatically) in only part of hi(ri) onto; standing, being stood up (d/s) (the _ri_ is an absolutive augment) (i)nbi back, in the reverse of a previous direction (i)nda around (rotating in place) (i)nsi alongside, past, along or at a point of the linear boundary of (d/s) (i)nni through (mostly dyn) ri up (dyn) ru over, high up (stat) (w|u)di following after (<> _wudi-as_) aa inside of (mostly stat) aal between, among, in a shell or a container (mostly stat) i ahead, out (in a single direction), away from oneself (dyn) iuk behind, on the other side of (stat) (= i+uk) uk (remaining) off of, far from, away from (stat) um on (contacting the surface), along unconstrained to a line (d/s); also used broadly for places wrt which precise position is little significant u(l|wi) in from many directions, together (stat) (<> _pul-as_) (the _wi_ is an absolutive augment, but via a regular process) ui forth, facing ahead (d/s) == Perfect markers == pa affecting forcefully; with immediate effect (a weaker variant of _pak_) pak with (often destructive) force phal until full or mature bi (emphasis on imperfect action) thuwa to death (specifically) dau off; into a worse state di with still continuing effort or attention (from a lost directional?); attendingly gu towards without contacting, unsuccessfully s(a) in; using up, until none is left suu out (in many directions), splitting hir onto; into a better state; (especially) experiential (can be used with the force of Eng. 'before') ni with lasting effect, once and for all (<> dir. _nni_) am until the end, thoroughly i on, out (in a single direction); (the most generic marker) um with only minor effect ul in (from many directions), together