Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Alveolar | | Velar | | Uvular | | Glottal |
| Nasal | | | m | | | | n | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Stop | | p | b | ɓ̰ | | t | d | ɗ̰ | | k | g | | | q | ɢ | | | | | |
| Fricative | | f | v | | | s | z | | | x | ɣ | | | χ | ʁ | | | h | | |
| Approximant | | | | | | | l | | | | ɰ | | | | | | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | | u |
| Mid-low | | ɛ | | | | ɔ |
| Low | | æ | | a | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: a sonorant; i.e. one of /m n h l ɰ/
Allophony
- Obstruents [p q s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent. Before a voiceless consonant other than [h], implosives become non-implosive.
- Velar or uvular obstruents [k q ɣ ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following velar or uvular consonant other than [ɰ].
- Vowels [i ɛ æ ...] become nasal [ĩ ɛ̃ æ̃ ...] before a glottal fricative.
- [p pʼ t tʼ k q ɓ̰ ɗ̰] assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than approximant.
- Velar or uvular consonants [k q ɣ ...] become rounded [kʷ qʷ ɣʷ ...] before a non-low rounded vowel.
- Non-glottal fricative obstruents [p gʷ f ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent. After a voiceless consonant other than [h], implosives become non-implosive. After a voiced obstruent, non-implosive ejective stops become non-glottalised.
- Non-nasal vowels [i ɛ æ ...] become nasal [ĩ ɛ̃ æ̃ ...] before a nasal vowel.
- Tense vowels and semivowels [ɰ i u ...] become non-high [ɤ̯ e o ...] after a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except for a vowel or semivowel.
- Unrounded semivowels [ɰ ɤ̯] become rounded [w o̯] after a rounded vowel or semivowel.
- [h] are deleted between a vowel or an approximant and a vowel or an approximant.
- [h] are deleted between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel.
- Velar or uvular obstruents [k q ɣ ...] become non-velar or uvular labial [pˠ pˠ vˠ ...] before an alveolar obstruent or nasal. Rounded obstruents become unrounded.
- Short voiced phones other than non-near-high vowels and uvular consonants or [m n], i.e. [b ɗ l ...], become voiceless [p t l̥ ...] word-initially word-finally. Implosives become non-implosive.
- [ɓ ɗ i ĩ u ũ e ẽ o õ ɛ ɛ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ æ æ̃ a ã] become creaky-voiced after a creaky-voiced implosive.
- After an obstruent, labiodental fricatives become non-labial rounded semivowels; [f v] become [w̥ w].
- Labial obstruents or nasals [m pˠ ɓ̰ ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
- Nasals [m ɱ n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
- Central vowels [a a̰ ã ã̰] become back [ɑ ɑ̰ ɑ̃ ɑ̰̃] after an uvular consonant.
Some words
| /nuhtɛɰ/ | [nũhtɛɰ] |
| /χæmlæɰ/ | [χæmlæɰ] |
| /ʁaɰtaɰ/ | [ʁɑɰtaɰ] |
| /faɰfɔɰ/ | [faɰfɔw] |
| /dɛɰsɛɰ/ | [dɛɰsɛɰ] |
| /fæɰa/ | [fæɰa] |
| /qɛtɛ/ | [qɛtɛ] |
| /ɰɛhɔ/ | [ɰɛ̃ɔ] |
| /saɰqi/ | [saɰqe] |
| /zahɔ/ | [zãɔ] |
| /xɔlæ/ | [xʷɔlæ] |
| /χupæ/ | [χʷopæ] |
| /xulu/ | [xʷulu] |
| /ɰii/ | [ɰii] |
| /χæɰɣiɰ/ | [χæɰɣiɰ] |
| /χiɰɢɔm/ | [χewɢʷɔm] |
| /amlɛ/ | [amlɛ] |
| /suɗ̰ɔɰ/ | [suɗ̰ɔ̰w] |
| /tuliɰ/ | [tuliɰ] |
| /piʁæ/ | [piʁæ] |
| /u/ | [u̥] |
| /qɔla/ | [qʷɔla] |
| /liɰfɔɰ/ | [liɰfɔw] |
| /fɛsɛ/ | [fɛsɛ] |
| /bɛɰχu/ | [bɛwχʷo] |
| /kɔχu/ | [kʷɔχʷo] |
| /hinhaɰɛ/ | [hinhaɰɛ] |
| /sɛɰqæ/ | [sɛɰqæ] |
| /χæʁæɰ/ | [χæʁæɰ] |
| /tulɔ/ | [tulɔ] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.1a / 5.0a with seed 1522615923.